Because deaths outnumber births by almost two to one on the island, every record-low birth year is a smaller workforce and a smaller tax base a generation out, and no policy that ignores the cradle holds Puerto Rico's size.
The new population estimate is plain about the island's size. Puerto Rico had about 3.18M people on July 1, 2025, about 18,000 fewer than a year before and about 97,000 fewer than in 2020 [7][8][9]. The migration story is told often. The quieter story is the cradle.